Footnotes / 293

11. World War I and Reconstruction Work

1. J. S. Hartzler, Mennonites in the World War or Nonresistance Under Test (Scottdale, Pa.: Mennonite Publishing House, 1921), pp. 58, 59.

2. Guy F. Hershberger, War, Peace, and Nonresistance (Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1953), pp. 109-19.

3. Letter by Phillip R. Shriver to Grant M. Stoltzfus, Feb. 27, 1964. Senator Pomerene's father, Dr. Peter Pomerene, was a physician who lived in Berlin, Ohio, and whose records, which still survive, show that he had a large part of his medical practice among the Holmes County Amish in the second half of the nineteenth century. For a study of Senator Atlee Pomerene see Phillip Raymond Shriver, "The Making of a Moderate Progressive: Atlee Pomerene, (1863.1937)" (unpublished PhD dissertation, Faculty of Political Science, Columbia University, 1954). Senator Pomerene is cited by Shriver as "a product of rural Holmes County where rugged individualism had been deeply ingrained into his philosophy of life." Besides two terms in the Senate, Pomerene was a prosecutor of the Teapot Dome oil scandal and in the 1930's was appointed chairman of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation by President Hoover.

4. For a valuable record of World War I experiences of a conscientious objector see Jacob C. Meyer, "Reflections of a Conscientious Objector in World War I," MQR, XLI (January 1967), pp. 79-96. Meyer's record is a blend of diary entries and some twenty letters, uncensored, which he wrote to family, friends, and government officials. The experiences of the numerous Mennonite and Amish groups, the Quakers, and Brethren are noted by one who was close to both the army officers and the conscripted conscientious objectors. Meyer's "Reflections" are an indispensable source for information on the problems and trials of the objectors, the methods of government officials, and the incipient reconstruction movement among the Mennonites.

5. J. C. Meyer Papers, the Archives of the Mennonite Church, Goshen, Ind.

6. For a study on the role of the American clergy in World War I see, Ray H. Abrams,

Preachers Present Arms (New York: Round Table Press, 1933), pp. 77-143. To a considerable ex

tent the recognition of conscientious objectors was complicated by the conspicuous role of certain ministers, some of national prominence, who contributed to the wartime hysteria. 7. J. S. Hartzler, op. cit., pp. 163, 164.

8. An incident found in personal papers of S. E. Allgyer, the Archives of the Mennonite Church, Goshen, Ind.

9. Notes from interview with Nelson Kanagy, native of the West Liberty community, July 24,1967.

10. See Gordon D. Zook, "Wayne County Conscientious Objectors in World War I" (unpublished history seminar paper, Goshen College, Goshen, Ind., 1962), pp. 13-22, for a general description of the county's patriotic feelings as seen in the war drives. "Most churches in the county were centers of patriotism." The incident involving David Rohrer is cited by Zook on page 20.

11. Ibid., pp. 20, 21.

12. Ibid., p. 25. The same item in the Wooster Daily Republican criticizes Senator Pomerene and others for having "done much to keep up the defiant spirit of some of these people," adding that the "Thrift Stamp campaign in that part of the county is seriously menaced because of the attitude of these people." Senator Pomerenē s ' reply to the criticism was as follows: "In accordance with the draft law I have advised Amish and Mennonite people that they would not be required to perform military service in the sense of bearing arms or doing fighting, but that they would be required to do certain kinds of noncombatant service and have urged them to do whatever the government might require in that behalf. In my judgment those who are relieved from active military service because of religious principles ought to be all the more willing to aid the government in every way possible" (Wooster Daily Republican, Mar. 12, 1918, p. 2).

13, Ibid., p. 26.

14. The records of the Ohio Branch Council of National Defense are located in the Ohio State Archives at Columbus, Ohio, and are a rich source of information on the domestic activities of the state during World War 1. The absence of material on conscientious objection is in contrast to the files of the Indiana Branch Council of National Defense which records important items on the relations of Indiana Mennonites to the state council.

15. Gordon D. Zook, op. cit., p. 42.

16. Quoted in David R. Manwaring, Render unto Caesar: The Flag Salute Controversy