284 / Footnotes

Day Baptists, Dunkers, Presbyterians, Freemasons, Separatists, Freethinkers, Jews, Mohammedans, and Pagans.

25. For photostatic copies of ship lists of German immigrants together with a translation and index see W. J. Hinke and R. B. Strassburger, Pennsylvania German Pioneers (Norristown: Pennsylvania German Society, 1934), 3 vol. For a list of the Amish names see Grant M. Stoltzfus, "The First Amish Communities in America" (master's thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 1954; published by Research Council, Eastern Mennonite College, Harrisonburg, Va., 1958), pp. 34-43.

26. Arthur D. Graeff, The Relations of the Pennsylvania Germans and the British Authorities: 1750-1776 (Norristown: Norristown Herald, 1939), pp. 13-32. Originally a doctor's thesis at Temple University, the opening chapters of this work contain a valuable account of how the various German groups adjusted in their New World environment. Clearly the migration of so many thousands of Germans and Swiss to Pennsylvania was a cause of grave concern to public officials. Even Benjamin Franklin, usually a broad-minded and tolerant person, was uneasy lest the Germans impose their culture on the entire colony. See Sparks, Works of Franklin, III, pp. 71-73.

27. In Wertenbaker, op. cit., pp. 256-345, is a splendid account of how the Germans made the transition from "Rhine to Susquehanna." By wholesale transplantation of Old World culture in fairly solid communities it is clear that the process of assimilation was slowed down in comparison with the Huguenots, for example. A perceptive study in the political and social assimilation of the Germans in the Province of Pennsylvania is found in Arthur D. Graeff, "Pennsylvania, the Colonial Melting Pot," The Pennsylvania Germans, ed. Ralph Wood (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1942), pp. 3-26.

28. Benjamin Rush, MD, "An Account of the Manners of the German Inhabitants of Pennsylvania." With an Introduction and Annotations by Theodore E. Schmauck and with the Notes of I. D. Rupp. Revised. The Pennsylvania German Society Proceedings and Addresses (Lancaster: Pennsylvania German Society, 1910), pp. 72, 73. For an account of the contribution of Pennsylvania Germans to American agriculture see Walter M. Kollmorgen, "The Pennsylvania German Farmer," The Pennsylvania Germans, ed. Ralph Wood (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962), pp. 29-55. This account is valuable for the light it sheds on the persistence and modifications of the German agricultural traits by the mid-twentieth century. Kollmorgen notes especially the displacement of English and Scotch-Irish by the Germans and cites also the difference between the church (Lutherans and Reformed) and the sectarians: "In general, the church people among the Pennsylvania Germans responded more readily to the appeals of industrial opportunities, urbanization and higher education than the sectarians such as the Mennonites, Amish and Dunkers."

29. A Letter by Dr. Benjamin Rush Describing the Consecration of the German College at

Lancaster in June, 1887 (Lancaster: Franklin and Marshall College, 1945), p. 22. The history of this document, acquired in 1943 by Franklin and Marshall College, is told in the preface by L. H. Butterfield and in the introduction the comment is made that the founding of a bilingual college, "an event of importance in American educational history," constitutes an at least partial refutation of the view that the Germans who settled in Pennsylvania were "contentedly illiterate, superstitious and backward." For an illuminating interpretation of the Pennsylvania Germans which sets the Mennonites in the total picture see R. H. Shryock, "The Pennsylvania Germans in American History," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography LXIII (1939), pp. 261-81; "The Pennsylvania Germans as Seen by the Historians," ed. Ralph Wood (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1942), pp. 237-58.

30. C. Henry Smith, op. cit., pp. 259-77. For the history of the Skippack settlement see John C. Wenger, History of the Mennonites of the Franconia Conference (Telford, Pa.: Franconia Mennonite Historical Society, 1937), 523 pages; for the history of the Pequea settlement see Martin G. Weaver, Mennonites of Lancaster Conference (Scottdale, Pa.: Mennonite Publishing House, 1931), 496 pages. The account of Shenandoah Valley Mennonites is told in Harry A. Brunk's History of the Mennonites in Virginia 1727-1900 (Staunton, Va.: McClure Printing Company, 1959), 554 pages.

2. Pioneer Mennonite Communities

1. William Warren Sweet, Revivalism in America: Its Origin, Growth and Decline (New York: Scribner, 1945), p. 112.