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refers to Anabaptist-Mennonite brotherhoods as "the most radical outcome of the Protestant Reformation." Correll's doctoral dissertation, Das Schweizerische Taufer-Mennonitentum (Tübingen: J. C. Mohr, 1925), addresses itself to the question whether the unique economic life of the Swiss Brethren was due to the religious and ethical convictions of the group. The study was done under the late Max Weber and accords with Weber's thesis that relates Calvinism to the rise of modern capitalism. For reviews of Corrells work see Harold S. Bender in the American Historical Review, XXXI (April 1926), p. 511, and Heinrich H. Maurer in American Journal of Sociology, XXXI (March 1926), p. 679.

16. Walter M. Kollmorgen, Culture of a Contemporary Rural Community, The Old Order Amish of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (Washington, D.C., 1942), pp. 16-21. Kollmorgen's work was one of six monumental monographs in the Rural Life Studies of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United States Department of Agriculture. Its value persists in good part because of the solid historical information it contains on the Old World backgrounds, relying as it does on Correll's thesis cited in footnote 15. Kollmorgen's work is a perceptive study of the integrative and disintegrative forces at work in both the community and individual life of the Amish. The vitality of the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Anabaptist communities is attested to by the fact that in mid-twentieth-century America much of the rural culture of Switzerland and the Palatinate was still intact.

17. Ibid., p. 14.

18. John Horsch, Mennonites in Europe, pp. 70-78. For a complete text of the Schleitheim Confession see John C. Wenger, Glimpses of Mennonite History (Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1959), pp. 206-13. The place of martyrdom in the background of Mennonite and Amish history is noted by Delbert Gratz, The Bernese Anabaptists and Their American Descendants (Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1953), pp. 15-51. For studies in Anabaptist martyrdom see E. Stauffer, "The Anabaptist Theology of Martyrdom," MQR, XIX (July 1945), pp. 179-214; A. Orley Swartzentruber, "The Piety and Theology of the Anabaptist Martyrs in van Braght's Martyrs' Mirror," MQR, XXVIII (1954) pp. 5-26, 128-42.

19. John C. Wenger, Glimpses of Mennonite History, p. 80.

20. Ibid., pp. 214-28. The statement on page 214 that the Swiss Mennonites did not subscribe to the Dordrecht Confession must now be modified in the light of evidence to the contrary in The Letters of the Amish Division of 1693-1711 (Oregon City: Christian J. Schlabach, 1950), p. 88. In an account written in 1698 by Ulrich Ammann, an Alsatian Amishman, it is stated that "when the government of Bern demanded to know the creed of our faith, and we, on orders of these authorities, produced a printed copy of our Confession of Faith, which was compiled at Dordrecht, Holland, by so many nations; and from there down to Switzerland was adopted in good faith as being Scriptural by us all; and has been the creed of our common faith in Switzerland...."

21. Milton Gascho, "The Amish Division of 1693-1697 in Switzerland and Alsace," MQR, XI (October 1937), pp. 235-66. This is a thorough study of the causes of the Amish division based on firsthand sources. For a summary of the Ammann-Reist controversy which places the incident in the context of Bernese Anabaptism of the seventeenth century see Delbert Gratz, op. cit., pp. 44-47.

22. Since that date the division has practically disappeared in Europe and since 1915 it is estimated that half of the Amish in America have united with the Mennonites.

23. See C. Henry Smith, The Mennonite Immigration to Pennsylvania in the Eighteenth Century (Norristown, Pa.: Pennsylvania German Society, 1929), pp. 29-54, for a description of conditions that led to migration to Pennsylvania; Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker, The Founding of American Civilization: The Middle Colonies (New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1963), pp. 264, 265. Wertenbaker notes that as late as 1689 Palatinate peasants were still subject to atrocities: "The unfortunate Elector Philip William stood on the walls of his castle at Mannheim and counted in one day twenty-three towns and villages in flames.... Even this was not the end, for in 1707, during the war of the Spanish Succession, Marshal Villars led an army through the Palatinate and once more we hear the old story of burning villages and ruined peasants."

24. Gottlieb Mittelberger, journey to Pennsylvania, edited and translated by Oscar Handlin and John Cline (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1960), p. XI. A highly valuable document of the times which contains much data and record of the hardships the immigrants endured while making the hazardous voyage of six months from Rotterdam to Philadelphia. It also contains information on the pluralistic nature of Penn's colony. While "Evangelicals and Reformed" constituted the majority of persons, Mittelberger notes on page 41 that there are also Catholics, Quakers, Mennonites Or Anabaptists, Moravians, Pietists, Seventh