442 / Bibliographical Essay

admirable illustrations and descriptive text on the Society of Separatists of Zoar. The selected bibliography lists the significant works including a PhD dissertation by Edgar B. Nixon on "The Society of Separatists of Zoar" (Ohio State University, 1933). Like the Quakers and Zoarites, the Moravians established communities in Ohio in close proximity to Mennonite and Amish settlements. One of these communities is written up in James H. and Mary Jane Rodenbaugh Schoenbrunn and the Moravian Missions in Ohio (Columbus: Ohio Historical Society, 1961). This is a solid piece of historical study; it is set in the context of the history of the Old Northwest. The pamphlet also contains a fine bibliography.

Especially relevant to Mennonite history on Ohio's frontier are works which tell of the Dunkers (or Tunkers) or Church of the Brethren. Similar to Mennonites in language, ethnic origin, and nonresistant convictions the Church of the Brethren was planted in numerous areas of Ohio at the same time as the Mennonites and the two groups at times interacted. T. S. Moher

man A History of the Church of the Brethren: Northeastern Ohio (Elgin,

Illinois: Brethren Publishing House, 1914) is especially rich in materials on pioneer life in Dunker communities during the nineteenth century in Holmes, Wayne, Portage, Mahoning, Columbiana, Medina, Perry, and Stark counties. Separatistic regulations, schisms, missions, and evangelistic efforts are recorded here as well as in Jesse O. Garst (ed.) History of the Church of the Brethren of the Southern District of Ohio 1788-1920 (Dayton, Ohio: Otterbein Press, 1921). For a study of transitions from farm to town, from preacher-farmers to pastoral ministers, from local to worldwide programs the sequel volumes to the above can be studied with much profit. They are Edgar G. Diehm The Church of the Brethren in Northeastern Ohio (Elgin, Illinois: Brethren Publishing House, 1963) and H. Helman (ed.) Church of the Brethren in Southern Ohio (Elgin, Illinois: Brethren Publishing House, 1955).

The American frontier as a creative force and as a setting in which religious groups interacted with each other and with their environment is a favorite theme for church historians. Peter G. Mode's scholarly study, The Frontier Spirit in American Christianity (New York: Macmillan, 1923), is a seminal work in the field. An unexcelled, useful, and authentic body of source material on the frontier and religion is in the four volumes of William Warren Sweet's Religion on the American Frontier (New York and Chicago: Henry Holt and Company, 1931-46) which includes the Baptists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Methodists. The bibliographies in each volume are ample and list manuscript sources. As noted in the section of this essay on sociological interpretations, J. Scott Miyakawa's Protestants and Pioneers: Individualism and Conformity on the American Frontier (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964) and H. Richard Niebuhr's Social Sources of Denominationalism (New York: Meridian Books, 1957) deal with the sect and the denomination; in both works the frontier is the setting. Two chapters of Louis B. Wright's Culture on the Moving Frontier (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1961) are illuminating for this and any study of an Ohio religious group in the nineteenth century. Chapter three, "Enlightenment in the Old West: North of the Ohio," summarizes the educational ventures and delineates the role of religion. Chapter five, "Instruments of Civilization: Spiritual Agencies,"